Nga endwadde tezinnasaanyawo ndwadde nga obuwumbi busatu oba okusingawo, omuti guno gwayamba okuzimba Amerika eyali ekulaakulana mu makolero. Okusobola okuzzaawo ekitiibwa kyabwe ekyabula, kiyinza okwetaagisa okukwatira awamu n’okuddaabiriza obutonde.
Lumu mu 1989, Herbert Darling yafuna essimu: Omuyizzi omu yamugamba nti yali asisinkanye omuti omuwanvu ogw’ekika kya chestnut ogw’Amerika ku kibanja kya Darling mu kiwonvu kya Zor mu maserengeta ga New York. Darling yali akimanyi nti edda entangawuuzi ze zimu ku miti emikulu mu kitundu ekyo. Era yali akimanyi nti enkwaso etta abantu katono esaanyawo ekika ekyo okumala ekyasa ekisukka mu kimu n’ekitundu. Bwe yawulira alipoota y’omuyizzi ekwata ku kulaba entangawuuzi enamu, omugogo gw’entangawuuzi gwali gwa ffuuti bbiri obuwanvu era nga gutuuka ku kizimbe eky’emyaliiro etaano, n’akibuusabuusa. “Sikakafu oba nzikiriza nti amanyi kye kiri,” Darling bwe yategeezezza.
Darling bwe yasanga omuti ogwo, kyali ng’okutunuulira omuntu ow’olugero. Yagamba nti: “Kyali kyangu nnyo era nga kituukiridde okukola ekifaananyi-kyabadde kirungi nnyo.” Naye Darling era yalaba ng’omuti gufa. Okuva ku ntandikwa y’emyaka gya 1900, ebadde ekubwa ekirwadde kye kimu, nga kiteeberezebwa nti kyaviirako abantu obuwumbi 3 oba okusingawo okufa endwadde ng’ezo. Buno bwe bulwadde obusoose okuva mu bantu obusinga okusaanyaawo emiti mu byafaayo eby’omulembe guno. Darling yalowooza nti, singa tasobola kutaasa muti ogwo, waakiri yandiwonye ensigo zaagwo. Waliwo ekizibu kimu kyokka: omuti tegulina kye gukola kubanga tewali miti gya chestnut mirala okumpi awo egisobola okugifukirira.
Darling yinginiya akozesa enkola za yinginiya okugonjoola ebizibu. Mu June eyaddako, ebimuli ebya kyenvu enzirugavu bwe byasaasaana ku bbugumu erya kiragala ery’omuti, Darling yajjuza amasasi ag’amasasi n’obuwunga bw’amasasi, obwali buggyiddwa mu bimuli ebisajja eby’omuti omulala ogwa chestnut gwe yali ayize, n’avuga n’agenda mu bukiikakkono. Kyatwala essaawa emu n’ekitundu. Omuti yagukubye amasasi okuva mu nnamunkanga gye yapangisa. (Alina kkampuni y’okuzimba ekola obulungi esobola okwesasulira ebintu ebisukkiridde.) Kaweefube ono yalemererwa. Omwaka ogwaddako, Darling yaddamu okugezaako. Ku mulundi guno, ye ne mutabani we baasikambula ekikondo okutuuka ku bikuta ku ntikko y’olusozi ne bazimba ekifo ekiwanvu ffuuti 80 mu wiiki ezisoba mu bbiri. Omwagalwa wange yalinnya ku bbugumu n’asiiga ebimuli n’ebimuli ebiringa ensowera ku muti omulala ogwa chestnut.
Mu kugwa okwo, amatabi g’omuti gwa Darling gaavaamu ebiwujjo ebyabikkibwako amaggwa aga kiragala. Amaggwa gano gaali manene nnyo era nga masongovu ne kiba nti bayinza okukyamulwa nti ga cacti. Amakungula si mangi, waliwo entangawuuzi nga 100, naye Darling asimbyeko n’asika essuubi. Ye ne mukwano gwe era baakwatagana ne Charles Maynard ne William Powell, abakugu babiri mu buzaale bw’emiti mu State University of New York School of Environmental Science and Forestry e Syracuse (Chuck ne Bill baafa). Gye buvuddeko baatandikayo pulojekiti y’okunoonyereza ku ntangawuuzi ezitali za mbalirira ntono. Darling yabawadde ebikuta n’abuuza bannassaayansi oba basobola okubikozesa okubikomyawo. Darling yagamba nti: “Kino kirabika kintu kinene nnyo.” “Ebuvanjuba bwa Amerika bwonna.” Kyokka oluvannyuma lw’emyaka mitono, omuti gwe gwennyini gwafa.
Okuva Abazungu lwe baatandika okusenga mu North America, emboozi ekwata ku bibira bya ssemazinga ono okusinga ebadde ya kufiirwa. Wabula ekiteeso kya Darling kati bangi bakitwala ng’ekimu ku mikisa egisuubiza okutandika okuddamu okutunula mu mboozi eno – ku ntandikwa y’omwaka guno, ekitongole kya Templeton World Charity Foundation kyateeka Maynard ne Powell’s The project granted most of its history, era kaweefube ono yasobola okumenyawo ekikwekweto ekitono ekyamala obukadde bwa ddoola obusoba mu busatu. Kyali kirabo ekimu ekisinga obunene ekyaweebwayo eri yunivasite eno. Okunoonyereza kw’abakugu mu by’obuzaale kuwaliriza abakugu mu by’obutonde okwolekagana n’essuubi mu ngeri empya era oluusi etali nnungi, nti okuddaabiriza ensi ey’obutonde tekitegeeza kudda mu Lusuku Adeni olutaliiko kamogo. Wabula, kiyinza okutegeeza okukkiriza omulimu gwe twatwala: yinginiya wa buli kimu omuli n’obutonde.
Ebikoola bya chestnut biwanvu era birina amannyo, era bifaanana obuwundo bubiri obutono obwa kiragala obuyungiddwa emabega ku mugongo ku musuwa ogw’omu makkati ogw’ekikoola. Ku nkomerero emu, ebikoola bibiri biyungiddwa ku kikolo. Ku nkomerero endala, zikola ensonga ensongovu, etera okufukamira ku mabbali. Ekifaananyi kino ekitali kisuubirwa kisala mu bifunfugu ebisirifu ebya kiragala n’omusenyu mu nsiko, era ekirooto ekitali kya bulijjo eky’abatembeeyi kyazuukusa abantu okufaayo, ne kibajjukiza olugendo lwabwe mu kibira edda ekyalimu emiti mingi egy’amaanyi.
Ebiwandiiko n’okujjukira byokka bye tusobola okutegeera obulungi emiti gino. Lucille Griffin, akulira ekitongole kya American Chestnut Collaborator Foundation, lumu yawandiika nti eyo ojja kulaba entangawuuzi nga zigagga nnyo ne kiba nti mu biseera by’omusana, ebimuli ebizigo, ebirina ennyiriri ku muti “nga The foamy waves rolled down the hillside”, ekiviirako jjajja okujjukira. Mu biseera by’omusana, omuti gujja kuddamu okubwatuka, ku mulundi guno nga guliko ebiwujjo eby’amaggwa ebibikka obuwoomi. “Entangawuuzi bwe zaali zikuze, nnatuuma ekitundu ky’ekibbo mu kiseera eky’obutiti,” Thoreau eyali omunyiikivu bwe yawandiika mu “Walden.” “Mu sizoni eyo, kyali kya ssanyu nnyo okutaayaaya mu kibira kya chestnut ekitakoma mu Lincoln mu kiseera ekyo.”
Entangawuuzi zeesigika nnyo. Obutafaananako miti gya oak egisuula acorns mu myaka mitono gyokka, emiti gya chestnut givaamu ebirime bingi eby’entangawuuzi buli kugwa. Entangawuuzi nazo nnyangu okugaaya: osobola okuzisekula n’olya embisi. (Gezaako okukozesa acorns ezirimu tannins-oba tokikola.) Buli muntu alya chestnuts: empologoma, enseenene, eddubu, ekinyonyi, omuntu. Abalimi baleka embizzi zaabwe ne bafuna amasavu mu kibira. Mu biseera bya Ssekukkulu, eggaali y’omukka eyajjula entangawuuzi yayiringisibwa okuva ku nsozi okutuuka mu kibuga. Yee, ddala omuliro gwabyokebwa. “Kigambibwa nti mu bitundu ebimu, abalimi bafuna ssente nnyingi okuva mu kutunda entangawuuzi okusinga ebintu ebirala byonna eby’obulimi,” bw’atyo William L. Bray, omukulu w’essomero eyasooka Maynard ne Powell gye baakolera oluvannyuma bwe yagamba. Yawandiikibwa mu 1915. Muti gwa bantu, ogusinga gumera mu kibira.
Era egaba ekisingawo ku mmere yokka. Emiti gya chestnut gisobola okulinnya okutuuka ku ffuuti 120, ate ffuuti 50 ezisooka tezitaataaganyizibwa matabi oba amafundo. Kino kye kirooto ky’abatema embaawo. Wadde nga si gwe muti ogusinga okulabika obulungi wadde ogw’amaanyi, gukula mangu nnyo naddala nga guddamu okumera oluvannyuma lw’okusala ne gutavunda. Nga obuwangaazi bw’ettaayi z’eggaali y’omukka n’ebikondo by’amasimu bwe bwasukka obulungi, Chestnut yayamba okuzimba Amerika eyali ekulaakulana mu makolero. Enkumi n’enkumi z’amayumba, obuyumba n’amasinzizo agakoleddwa mu bikuta bikyayimiridde; omuwandiisi omu mu 1915 yateebereza nti kino kye kika ky’emiti ekisinga okutemebwa mu Amerika.
Mu bitundu ebisinga obungi eby’ebuvanjuba-emiti giva e Mississippi okutuuka e Maine, era okuva ku lubalama lw’ennyanja Atlantic okutuuka ku mugga Mississippi-chestnuts nazo ze zimu ku gyo. Naye mu Appalachians, gwali muti munene. Obuwumbi n’obuwumbi bw’entangawuuzi zibeera ku nsozi zino.
Kituufu nti Fusarium wilt yasooka kulabika mu New York, nga eno ye mulyango oguyingira mu Bamerica bangi. Mu 1904, obulwadde obw’ekyewuunyo bwazuulibwa ku bikoola by’omuti gwa chestnut ogwali mu katyabaga k’okusaanawo mu kkuumiro ly’ebisolo erya Bronx. Abanoonyereza baazuula mangu nti ffene eyavaako obuwuka obuleeta endwadde (oluvannyuma eyayitibwa Cryphonectria parasitica) yatuuka ku miti egy’e Japan egyayingizibwa mu ggwanga nga mu 1876. (Ebiseera ebisinga wabaawo ekiseera ekiwanvu wakati w’okuleeta ekika n’okuzuula ebizibu ebyeyoleka.)
Mu bbanga ttono abantu mu masaza agawerako baategeeza nti emiti gyafa. Mu 1906, William A. Murrill, omukugu mu by’enkwa mu New York Botanical Garden, yafulumya ekitundu kya ssaayansi ekyasooka ku bulwadde buno. Muriel yalaze nti ffene ono aleeta obuwuka obuyitibwa blister infection obwa kyenvu ne kitaka ku bikuta by’omuti gwa chestnut, okukkakkana nga guyonjo okwetooloola ekikolo. Ebiriisa n’amazzi bwe bitakyasobola kukulukuta waggulu ne wansi mu bibya by’ebikoola wansi w’ebikoola, buli kimu ekiri waggulu w’empeta y’okufa kijja kufa.
Abantu abamu tebasobola kulowooza-oba tebaagala balala kulowooza-omuti ogubula mu kibira. Mu 1911, kkampuni ya Sober Paragon Chestnut Farm, eyali esomesa abaana abato mu Pennsylvania, yali ekkiriza nti obulwadde obwo “bwasinga kutya kwokka.” Okubeerawo kwa bannamawulire abatalina buvunaanyizibwa okumala ebbanga eddene. Faamu eno yaggalwa mu 1913. Emyaka ebiri egiyise, Pennsylvania yayita akakiiko akakola ku bulwadde bwa chestnut, ne kaweebwa olukusa okusaasaanya ddoola za Amerika 275,000 (ensimbi nnyingi nnyo mu kiseera ekyo), era n’elangirira ekibinja ky’obuyinza okukola enteekateeka okulwanyisa obulumi buno, omuli n’eddembe ly’okusaanyaawo emiti ku bintu by’obwannannyini. Abakugu mu by’endwadde bawa amagezi okuggyawo emiti gyonna egy’entangawuuzi mu mayiro ntono okuva mu maaso g’obulwadde obukulu okusobola okuvaamu ekikolwa eky’okuziyiza omuliro. Naye kizuuse nti ffene ono asobola okubuuka n’agenda ku miti egitalina bulwadde, era obuwuka bwayo bukwatibwa empewo, ebinyonyi, ebiwuka n’abantu. Enteekateeka eno yasuulibwa.
Mu 1940 we gwatuukira, kumpi tewali bikuta binene byakwatibwa obulwadde buno. Leero, omuwendo gw’obuwumbi bwa ddoola gusanguddwawo. Olw’okuba ebikoola bya fusarium tebisobola kuwangaala mu ttaka, ebikoola by’entangawuuzi byeyongera okumera, era obukadde obusoba mu 400 ku byo bikyasigadde mu kibira. Wabula Fusarium wilt yasanga ekifo ekitereka amazzi mu muti gwa oak mwe yabeeranga nga teyonoona nnyo kifo kyayo. Okuva awo, kisaasaana mangu ne kituuka ku bikoola ebipya ebya chestnut ne kibikoona ne bidda ku ttaka, ebiseera ebisinga nga tebinnaba kutuuka ku mutendera gwa bimuli.
Abakola embaawo bafunye ebirala: omuti gwa oak, pine, walnut, n’evvu. Okusala amaliba, amakolero amalala amanene geesigamye ku miti gya chestnut, gakyuse ne gadda ku bikozesebwa mu kukola amaliba. Ku balimi bangi abaavu, tewali kya kukyusa: tewali muti mulala enzaaliranwa guwa abalimi n’ebisolo byabwe kalori ne puloteyina ez’obwereere, ezesigika era ennyingi. Obulwadde bwa Chestnut blight kiyinza okugambibwa nti bumalawo enkola eya bulijjo ey’okulima kw’abantu b’omu Appalachians okweyimirizaawo, ne kiwaliriza abantu mu kitundu ekyo okuba n’okulonda okweyoleka: okugenda mu kirombe ky’amanda oba okusenguka. Munnabyafaayo Donald Davis yawandiika mu 2005 nti: “Olw’okufa kw’entangawuuzi, ensi yonna efudde, ekimalawo empisa z’okuwangaala ezibaddewo mu nsozi z’e Appalachian okumala ebyasa ebisukka mu bina. ”
Powell yakulira wala nnyo okuva mu Appalachians ne chestnuts. Kitaawe yaweereza mu ggye ly’omu bbanga era n’agenda mu maka ge: Indiana, Florida, Germany, ne ku lubalama lw’ebuvanjuba bwa Maryland. Wadde ng’omulimu gwe yamala mu New York, okwogera kwe kwasigala n’obwerufu obw’amawanga g’obugwanjuba n’okusosola mu mawanga g’obugwanjuba okutali kwa maanyi naye nga kweyoleka. Empisa ze ennyangu n’omusono gw’okutunga ennyangu bikwatagana, ng’alina jjiini ng’ekyusakyusa essaati ya ‘plaid’ eringa etakoma. Enjogera gy’ayagala ennyo ey’okuyingira mu nsonga ye “wow”.
Powell ateekateeka okufuuka omusawo w’ebisolo okutuusa nga pulofeesa w’obuzaale bw’amusuubiza essuubi ly’ebyobulimi ebipya, ebirabika obulungi nga byesigamiziddwa ku bimera ebikyusiddwa obuzaale ebisobola okuvaamu obusobozi bwabwo obw’okuziyiza ebiwuka n’endwadde. “Nnalowooza nti, wow, si kirungi kukola bimera ebisobola okwekuuma ebiwuka, era tolina kubifuuyirako ddagala lyonna?” Powell bwe yategeezezza. “Mazima ddala, ensi yonna tegoberera ndowooza y’emu.”
Powell bwe yatuuka mu ssomero lya Utah State University erya diguli mu 1983, teyalina buzibu bwonna. Kyokka, kyatuuka n’okwegatta ku laboratory y’omukugu mu by’obulamu, era yali akola ku kawuka akayinza okunafuya ffene ow’ekika kya blight. Okugezaako kwabwe okukozesa akawuka kano tekwatambula bulungi nnyo: tekasaasaana okuva ku muti okudda ku mulala ku bwalwo, n’olwekyo kaali kalina okulongoosebwa okusinziira ku bika bya ffene ssekinnoomu ebiwerako. Wadde nga kino kyaliwo, Powell yakwatibwako nnyo emboozi y’omuti omunene ogwagwa wansi era n’awa eky’okugonjoola ekizibu kya ssaayansi ku kubaawo kw’ensobi ez’ennaku ezaakolebwa abantu. Yagamba nti: “Olw’engeri ebyamaguzi byaffe gye bitambuzibwamu obubi mu nsi yonna, twayingiza obuwuka obuleeta endwadde mu butanwa.” "Nnalowooza nti: Wow, kino kinyuma.Waliwo omukisa okukikomyawo."
Powell si ye yasoose okugezaako okumalawo okufiirwa. Oluvannyuma lw’okukitegeera nti entangawuuzi z’Amerika zaali zigenda kulemererwa, ekitongole kya USDA kyagezaako okusimba emiti gy’entangawuuzi egy’Abachina, mujja we asinga okugumira okukala, okutegeera oba ekika kino kisobola okudda mu bigere by’entangawuuzi z’Amerika. Wabula entangawuuzi zisinga kukula ebweru, era zifaanana nnyo emiti egy’ebibala okusinga egy’ebibala. Zaali zifuuse entono mu kibira olw’emiti gya oak n’ebisolo ebirala ebinene eby’omu Amerika. Okukula kwazo kuzibiddwa, oba bamala kufa. Bannasayansi era baagezaako okulunda entangawuuzi okuva mu Amerika ne China nga bali wamu, nga basuubira okuvaamu omuti ogulina engeri ennungi zombi. Kaweefube wa gavumenti yalemererwa era n’asuulibwa.
Powell yamaliriza ng’akola mu State University of New York School of Environmental Science and Forestry, gye yasisinkanira Chuck Maynard, omukugu mu by’obuzaale eyasimba emiti mu laboratory. Emyaka mitono gyokka emabega, bannassaayansi baakola ebitundu by’ebimera ebyasooka okukyusibwamu obuzaale-nga bongerako obuzaale obuwa eddagala eritta obuwuka eri taaba okusobola okwolesebwa mu by’ekikugu okusinga okukozesebwa kwonna mu by’obusuubuzi. Maynard (Maynard) yatandika okwenyigira mu tekinologiya omupya, ate ng’anoonya tekinologiya ow’omugaso eyeekuusa ku ye. Mu kiseera ekyo, Darling yalina ensigo ezimu n’okusoomoozebwa: okuddaabiriza entangawuuzi z’Amerika.
Mu nkumi n’enkumi z’emyaka egy’enkola y’okuzaala ebimera ey’ekinnansi, abalimi (ne bannassaayansi abaakafuluma) basaze ebika ebirina engeri ze baagala. Olwo, obuzaale buno mu butonde butabulwa wamu, era abantu balondawo okutabula okusuubiza olw’omutindo ogwa waggulu-ebibala ebinene, ebiwooma ennyo oba okugumira endwadde. Ebiseera ebisinga, kitwala emirembe egiwerako okufulumya ekintu. Enkola eno egenda mpola era etabula katono. Darling yeebuuza oba enkola eno yandivuddemu omuti omulungi ng’obutonde bwe obw’omu nsiko. Yang’amba nti: “Ndowooza nti tusobola okukola obulungi.”
Yinginiya w’obuzaale kitegeeza okufuga okusingawo: ne bwe kiba nti obuzaale obw’enjawulo buva mu kika ekitali kya kakwate, busobola okulondebwa olw’ekigendererwa ekigere ne buyingizibwa mu nsengekera y’obutonde bw’ekiramu ekirala. (Ebiramu ebirina obuzaale okuva mu bika eby’enjawulo ‘bikyusiddwa mu buzaale.’ Gye buvuddeko awo, bannassaayansi bakoze obukodyo okulongoosa obutereevu ensengekera y’obutonde bw’ebiramu ebigendereddwamu.) Tekinologiya ono asuubiza obutuufu n’obwangu obutabangawo. Powell alowooza nti kino kirabika kisaanira nnyo entangawuuzi z’Amerika, z’ayita “emiti kumpi egituukiridde”-egy’amaanyi, emiwanvu, era nga girimu ensibuko z’emmere, nga kyetaagisa okutereeza okutuufu ennyo kwokka: okuziyiza obuwuka obuleeta endwadde.
Dear okkiriziganya. Yagamba nti: “Tulina okuba ne bayinginiya mu bizinensi yaffe.” “Okuva ku kuzimba okutuuka ku kuzimba kino kika kya otomatiki yokka.”
Powell ne Maynard bateebereza nti kiyinza okutwala emyaka kkumi okuzuula obuzaale obuwa obuziyiza, okukola tekinologiya okubyongera ku nsengekera y’obutonde bw’entangawuuzi, n’oluvannyuma okubukula. “Tuli kuteebereza kwokka,” Powell bwe yagambye. "Tewali alina buzaale bwonna obuwa obuziyiza bwa ffene. Ddala twatandika okuva mu kifo ekitaliimu kintu kyonna."
Darling yanoonya obuwagizi okuva mu kibiina kya American Chestnut Foundation, ekitali kya magoba ekyatandikibwawo ku ntandikwa y’emyaka gya 1980. Omukulembeze waayo yamugamba nti okusinga yali abuze. Bano beewaddeyo okugatta abantu era basigala nga bulindaala ku by’obuzaale, ekireeseewo okuwakanyizibwa okuva mu bakuuma obutonde bw’ensi. N’olwekyo, Darling yatondawo ekibiina kye ekitali kya magoba okusobola okusonda ssente z’emirimu gya yinginiya w’obuzaale. Powell yagamba nti ekibiina kino kyawandiikira Maynard ne Powell ceeke eyasooka ku ddoola 30,000. (Mu 1990, ekibiina ky’eggwanga kyalongoosa era ne kikkiriza ekibiina kya Darling ekyali baagala okwekutula ku gavumenti ng’ettabi lyakyo eryasooka erya gavumenti, naye bammemba abamu baali bakyabuusabuusa oba nga bakyaye nnyo enkola y’obuzaale.)
Maynard ne Powell bali ku mulimu. Kumpi amangu ago, enteekateeka y’ebiseera gye baali bateebereza yalaga nti teyali ya mazima. Ekisooka okulemesa kwe kuzuula engeri y’okulimamu entangawuuzi mu laboratory. Maynard yagezaako okutabula ebikoola by’entangawuuzi n’obusimu obukula mu ssowaani ya petri eya pulasitiika eyeetooloovu etali nnene, enkola ekozesebwa okulima entangawuuzi. Kizuuka nti kino si kya mazima. Emiti emipya tegijja kukula bikoola na bikoola okuva mu butoffaali obw’enjawulo. Maynard yagamba nti: “Nze mukulembeze mu nsi yonna mu kutta emiti gya chestnut.” Omunoonyereza mu yunivasite y’e Georgia, Scott Merkle (Scott Merkle) yasembye okuyigiriza Maynard engeri y’okuva mu kufukirira okutuuka ku Plant chestnuts eziddako mu nkwaso ku mutendera gw’enkula.
Okuzuula obuzaale obutuufu-omulimu gwa Powell-nakyo kyalaga nti kyali kizibu. Yamala emyaka egiwerako ng’anoonyereza ku kirungo ekitta obuwuka nga kyesigamiziddwa ku buzaale bw’ebikere, kyokka n’ava ku kirungo kino olw’okweraliikirira nti abantu bayinza obutakkiriza miti egirimu ebikere. Era yanoonya obuzaale obuziyiza obuwuka obuleeta endwadde mu bikuta, kyokka n’azuula nti okukuuma omuti guno kizingiramu obuzaale bungi (baazudde waakiri mukaaga). Oluvannyuma, mu 1997, munne yakomawo okuva mu lukiiko lwa ssaayansi n’awandiika ekiwandiiko ekitonotono n’ennyanjula. Powell yategeeza omutwe ogwatuumiddwa “Okwolesebwa kwa oxalate oxidase mu bimera ebikyusiddwa obuzaale kiwa obuziyiza eri oxalate ne oxalate-producing fungi”. Okusinziira ku kunoonyereza kwe yakola ku kawuka, Powell yakimanya nti ffene akala (wilt fungi) afulumya asidi wa oxalic okutta ebikoola by’entangawuuzi n’okwanguyira okugaaya. Powell yakitegeera nti singa chestnut esobola okukola oxalate oxidase yaayo (puloteyina ey’enjawulo esobola okumenya oxalate), olwo eyinza okusobola okwewozaako. Yagamba nti: “Eyo ye yali akaseera kange aka Eureka.”
Kizuuse nti ebimera bingi birina obuzaale obubisobozesa okukola oxalate oxidase. Okuva ku munoonyereza eyawadde okwogera, Powell yafuna ekika ky’eŋŋaano. Omuyizi Linda Polin McGuigan eyatikkirwa yalongoosa tekinologiya wa “gene gun” okutongoza obuzaale mu nkwaso za chestnut, ng’asuubira nti busobola okuyingizibwa mu DNA y’embuto. Ensengekera y’obutonde eno yasigala mu nkwaso okumala akaseera, naye oluvannyuma n’ebula. Ttiimu y’abanoonyereza yasuula enkola eno ne bakyusa ne bagenda ku buwuka obwali bukola edda enkola ey’okusalako DNA y’ebiramu ebirala n’okuyingiza obuzaale bwabyo. Mu butonde, obuwuka obutonotono byongera obuzaale obuwaliriza ekikyaza okukola emmere ya bakitiriya. Abakugu mu by’obuzaale baalumba obuwuka buno busobole okuyingiza obuzaale bwonna munnasayansi bw’ayagala. McGuigan yafuna obusobozi obwesigika okwongera obuzaale bw’eŋŋaano n’obutoffaali obulaga obubonero mu nkwaso z’entangawuuzi. Puloteeni bw’efuna obusannyalazo wansi wa microscope, puloteyina ejja kufulumya ettaala eya kiragala, ekiraga nti eyingiziddwa bulungi. (Ttiimu eno yalekera awo mangu okukozesa obutoffaali obulaga obubonero-tewali yali ayagala muti gusobola okwaka.) Maynard enkola eno yagiyita “ekintu ekisinga okulabika obulungi mu nsi yonna.”
Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, Maynard ne Powell baazimba layini y’okukuŋŋaanya entangawuuzi, kati egenda ku myaliiro egiwerako egy’ekizimbe ekirabika obulungi eky’okunoonyereza ku bibira eby’amabaati n’amayinja mu myaka gya 1960, awamu n’ekifo ekipya ekimasamasa ebweru wa kampusi ekya “Biotech Accelerator”. Enkola eno esooka kuzingiramu okulonda embuto ezimera okuva mu butoffaali obufaanagana mu buzaale (embryo ezisinga ezatondebwa mu laabu kino tezikola, kale tekirina mugaso kukola clones) n’okuyingiza obuzaale bw’eŋŋaano. Obutoffaali bw’embuto, okufaananako agar, kintu ekiringa puddingi ekiggibwa mu biwuka ebiyitibwa algae. Okusobola okufuula embuto omuti, abanoonyereza bano baagattako obusimu obuyamba okukula. Ebikumi n’ebikumi by’ebintu eby’obuveera ebiringa kyubu nga biriko emiti emitonotono egy’entangawuuzi egitalina bikoola bisobola okuteekebwa ku ssefuliya wansi w’ettaala ey’amaanyi eyaka. Mu nkomerero, bannassaayansi bano baasiiga obusimu obusiba emirandira, ne basimba emiti gyabwe egyasooka mu biyungu ebijjudde ettaka, ne bagiteeka mu kisenge ekifugibwa ebbugumu. Tekyewuunyisa nti emiti mu laboratory giri mu mbeera mbi ebweru. N’olwekyo, abanoonyereza bazigatta n’emiti egy’omu nsiko okusobola okuvaamu ebika ebikalu naye nga bikyagumira embeera okugezesebwa mu nnimiro.
Ekyeya bibiri emabega, Hannah Pilkey, omuyizi eyatikkirwa mu laabu ya Powell, yandaga engeri y’okukola kino. Yalima ffene aleeta obulwadde bwa bacterial blight mu kaveera akatono aka petri dish. Mu ngeri eno enzigale, obuwuka obuleeta endwadde obw’emicungwa emimyufu bulabika nga tebulina bulabe era kumpi bulabika bulungi. Kizibu okulowooza nti kye kivaako abantu abangi okufa n’okuzikirizibwa.
Enkima eyali ku ttaka yafukamira ku ttaka, n’essaako akabonero ku kitundu kya mmita ttaano eky’akati akatono, n’esala ebitundu bisatu ebituufu n’ekyuma ekisala, era n’esiiga ekiwundu. Yazisiba n’ekitundu kya firimu y’akaveera. Yagamba nti: “Kiringa bbandi-aid.” Okuva bwe kiri nti guno muti “gufuga” ogutagumira, asuubira nti obulwadde bw’emicungwa bujja kusaasaana mangu okuva mu kifo we bagema era okukkakkana nga yeetoolodde ebikoola ebitono. Yandaga emiti egimu egyalimu obuzaale bw’eŋŋaano gye yali ajjanjaba emabegako. Obulwadde buno bukoma ku kifo we batema, gamba ng’emimwa emigonvu egy’emicungwa okumpi n’akamwa akatono.
Mu 2013, Maynard ne Powell baalangirira obuwanguzi bwabwe mu Transgenic Research: Nga wayise emyaka 109 bukya obulwadde bwa chestnut obw’Amerika buzuuliddwa, baakola Emiti eringa egy’okwekuuma, ne bwe girumbibwa dose ennene eza ffene akala. Mu kitiibwa ky’omugabi waabwe eyasooka era asinga obugabi, yateekamu ddoola nga 250,000, era abanoonyereza babadde batuuma emiti amannya ge. Eno eyitibwa Darling 58.
Olukiiko lw’ekitongole kya New York Chapter of the American Chestnut Foundation olutegekebwa buli mwaka lwatuula mu wooteeri etali ya maanyi ebweru wa New Paltz ku Lwomukaaga olwali lutonnya mu October 2018. Abantu nga 50 be baakuŋŋaanira wamu. Olukiiko luno ekitundu kyali kya ssaayansi ate ekitundu kyabadde kya kuwaanyisiganya bikuta. Emabega w’ekisenge ekitono eky’enkiiko, bammemba baawaanyisiganyizza ensawo za Ziploc ezijjudde entangawuuzi. Olukiiko luno gwe gwali omulundi ogusoose mu myaka 28 nga Darling oba Maynard tebagendayo. Ebizibu by’ebyobulamu byabakuuma bombi nga tebaliiwo. “Kino tubadde tukikola okumala ebbanga ddene nnyo, era kumpi buli mwaka tusirika olw’abafu,” Allen Nichols, pulezidenti wa kiraabu eno bwe yang’amba. Wadde kiri kityo, embeera eno ekyali ya essuubi: omuti guno ogwakyusibwamu obuzaale guyiseewo okumala emyaka mingi nga gukeberebwa mu ngeri enzibu ey’obukuumi n’obulungi bwagwo.
Bammemba b’essuula eno baawadde ennyanjula enzijuvu ku mbeera ya buli muti omunene ogwa chestnut ogubeera mu ssaza ly’e New York. Pilkey n’abayizi abalala abamaze diguli baayanjudde engeri y’okukung’aanya n’okutereka obukuta, engeri y’okulima entangawuuzi wansi w’amataala g’omunda, n’engeri y’okujjuzaamu ettaka obulwadde bwa blight okwongera ku bulamu bw’emiti. Abantu bano abalina ekifuba kya kaawa, bangi ku bo bafukirira n’okulima emiti gyabwe, baabuuzizza bannassaayansi abato ebibuuzo.
Bowell yateeka wansi, ng’ayambadde ekyalabika ng’ekyambalo ekitali kitongole eky’essuula eno: essaati ey’omu bulago ng’eyungiddwa mu jjiini. Okugoberera kwe okw’omutima gumu-omulimu ogw’emyaka amakumi asatu ogwategekebwa okwetoloola ekiruubirirwa kya Herb Darling eky’okuddamu okufuna entangawuuzi-tekitera kubaawo mu bannassaayansi abayivu, abatera okukola okunoonyereza mu nkola y’okusonda ssente ey’emyaka etaano, n’oluvannyuma Ebivaamu ebisuubiza ne bikwasibwa abalala okutunda. Don Leopold, munnange mu kitongole kya Powell ekikola ku by’obutonde n’ebibira, yang’amba nti: “Afaayo nnyo era alina empisa.” "Ateeka ku kateni.Tawugulibwa bintu birala bingi bwe bityo. Okunoonyereza bwe kwasembayo okugenda mu maaso, abaddukanya State University of New York (SUNY) baamutuukirira ne bamusaba patent y'omuti gwe yunivasite esobole okuguganyulwamu, kyokka Powell n'agaana. Yagamba nti emiti egyakyusibwamu obuzaale giringa entangawuuzi ez'edda era giweereza abantu.Abantu ba Powell bali mu kisenge kino.
Naye yabalabula nti: Oluvannyuma lw’okuvvuunuka ebizibu ebisinga obungi eby’ekikugu, kati emiti egyakyusibwamu obuzaale giyinza okwolekagana n’okusoomoozebwa okusinga obunene: gavumenti ya Amerika. Wiiki ntono emabega, Powell yawaayo fayiro y’emiko kumpi 3,000 eri ekitongole kya Amerika ekivunaanyizibwa ku kukebera obulamu bw’ebisolo n’ebimera, ekivunaanyizibwa ku kukkiriza ebimera ebikyusiddwa obuzaale. Kino kitandika enkola y’ekitongole okukkiriza: okwetegereza okusaba, okusaba endowooza z’abantu, okufulumya ekiwandiiko ekikwata ku butonde bw’ensi, okuddamu okusaba endowooza z’abantu n’okusalawo. Omulimu guno guyinza okutwala emyaka egiwerako. Singa tewabaawo kusalawo, pulojekiti eyinza okuyimirira. (Ekiseera ekisooka eky’okuteesa mu lujjudde tekinnaggulwawo.)
Abanoonyereza bategese okuleeta empaaba endala eri ekitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku by’emmere n’eddagala kisobole okukebera obukuumi bw’emmere y’entangawuuzi ezikyusiddwa mu buzaale, era ekitongole ekikuuma obutonde bw’ensi kigenda kwetegereza engeri omuti guno gye gukwata ku butonde bw’ensi wansi w’etteeka lya Federo erifuga eddagala ly’ebiwuka, eryetaagisa ku bimera byonna ebikyusiddwa mu buzaale bwa... ebiramu. “Kino kizibu okusinga ssaayansi!” waliwo omuntu mu balabi bwe yagamba.
"Yee." Powell yakkiriza. "Ssaayansi anyuma.Enyiiza.” (Oluvannyuma yang’amba nti: “Okulabirira ebitongole bisatu eby’enjawulo kisukkiridde. Ddala kitta obuyiiya mu kukuuma obutonde bw’ensi.”)
Okusobola okukakasa nti omuti gwabwe tegulina bulabe, ttiimu ya Powell yakoze ebigezo eby’enjawulo. Baaliisa oxalate oxidase eri obukuta bw’enjuki. Baapima enkula ya ffene ow’omugaso mu ttaka. Ebikoola byabireka mu mazzi ne banoonyereza ku ngeri gye bikwatamu t. Tewali buzibu bwonna bwalabibwa mu kunoonyereza kwonna-mu butuufu, omulimu gw’emmere erongooseddwa mu buzaale gusinga ebikoola by’emiti egimu egitakyusiddwa. Bannasayansi baasindika entangawuuzi zino mu Oak Ridge National Laboratory ne mu laboratory endala mu Tennessee okwekenneenya, era tebaazudde njawulo yonna ku ntangawuuzi ezikolebwa emiti egitakyusiddwa.
Ebivuddemu ng’ebyo biyinza okugumya abalungamya. Kumpi tekijja kukkakkanya bannakyewa abawakanya enkola ya GMOs. John Dougherty, munnasayansi eyawummula okuva mu Monsanto, yawa Powell obuweereza obw’okwebuuza ku bantu ku bwereere. Abawakanya bano yabayita “okuwakanya.” Okumala emyaka mingi, ebibiina ebikuuma obutonde bw’ensi bibadde birabula nti okutambuza obuzaale wakati w’ebika ebikwatagana ewala kijja kubaako ebivaamu ebitali bigenderere, gamba ng’okutondawo “omuddo ogw’amaanyi” ogusukkulumye ku bimera eby’obutonde, oba okuleeta obuzaale obw’ebweru obuyinza okuleeta ekikyaza The possibility of harmful mutations in the DNA of the species. Era beeraliikirivu nti kkampuni zikozesa enkola y’obuzaale okufuna patent n’okufuga ebiramu.
Mu kiseera kino, Powell yagamba nti teyafuna ssente yonna butereevu okuva mu nsonda z’amakolero, era yakkaatirizza nti okuwaayo ssente mu laboratory “tekwasiddwa.” Wabula Brenda Jo McManama, omutegesi w’ekibiina ekiyitibwa “Indigenous Environmental Network”, yalaze endagaano mu 2010 Monsanto mwe yawa Chestnut Foundation n’ekitongole kyayo ekyali kikolagana nayo ekya New York The Chapter yakkiriza patent bbiri ez’okukyusa obuzaale. . Pulojekiti etali ya kwefaako. Yagamba mu bwesimbu nti: “Monsan byonna mubi.”
Powell agamba nti patent mu ndagaano ya 2010 eweddeko, era olw’okulaga ebikwata ku muti gwe mu bitabo bya ssaayansi, akakasizza nti omuti tegusobola kugufuna patent. Naye yakitegeera nti kino tekyandimalawo kweraliikirira kwonna. Yagamba nti, “Nkimanyi nti waliwo eyandigambye nti oli kyambalo kya Monsanto kyokka.” “Kiki ky’oyinza okukola?Tewali ky’osobola kukola.”
Emyaka nga etaano egiyise, abakulembeze b’ekitongole kya American Chestnut Foundation baamaliriza nti tebaasobola kutuukiriza biruubirirwa byabwe nga bakozesa enkola ya ‘hybridization’ yokka, bwe batyo ne bakkiriza enteekateeka ya Powell ey’okukola yinginiya w’obuzaale. Okusalawo kuno kwaleetawo obutakkaanya obumu. Mu March 2019, pulezidenti w’ekitongole kino ekya Massachusetts-Rhode Island Chapter, Lois Breault-Melican, yalekulira ng’ajuliza ekitongole ekirwanyisa yinginiya w’obuzaale ekya Global Justice Ecology Project (Global Justice Project), ekirwanyisa yinginiya w’obuzaale ekisangibwa mu Buffalo. Justice Ecology Project) ensonga; bba Denis Melican naye yava ku lukiiko luno. Dennis yang’amba nti abafumbo bano baali beeraliikirivu nnyo nti entangawuuzi za Powell ziyinza okulaga nti “embalaasi ya Trojan”, ekyaggulawo ekkubo emiti emirala egy’ettunzi okubeera egy’amaanyi (supercharged) nga giyita mu kulongoosa obuzaale.
Susan Offutt, omukugu mu by’enfuna mu by’obulimi, aweereza nga ssentebe w’akakiiko akakola okunoonyereza ku tekinologiya w’ebiramu mu bibira mu 2018. Yalaze nti enkola ya gavumenti ey’okulungamya essira erisinga kulissa ku nsonga enfunda ey’akabi akali mu biramu, era kumpi telowoozangako ku nsonga z’embeera z’abantu ezigazi, gamba ng’ezo ezaaleetebwa bannakyewa abalwanyisa GMO. “Mugaso ki ogw’omunda ogw’ekibira?” yabuuzizza, ng’ekyokulabirako ky’ekizibu, enkola teyagonjoolwa. “Ebibira birina ebirungi byabyo? Tulina obuvunaanyizibwa obw’empisa okulowooza ku kino nga tusalawo okuyingira mu nsonga?”
Bannasayansi abasinga obungi be njogeddeko nabo tebalina nsonga ntono kweraliikirira miti gya Powell, kubanga ekibira kino kifunye obulabe obw’ewala: okutema emiti, okusima eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka, enkulaakulana, n’ebiwuka n’endwadde ezitaggwaawo ezisaanyaawo emiti. Mu byo, chestnut wilt ekakasiddwa okuba An omukolo gw’okuggulawo. “Bulijjo tuleeta ebiramu ebipya ebijjuvu,” bw’atyo Gary Lovett, omukugu mu by’obutonde bw’ebibira mu Cary Ecosystem Institute e Millbrook, New York bwe yagamba. “Ekikosa entangawuuzi ezikyusiddwa mu buzaale ntono nnyo.”
Donald Waller, omukugu mu by’obutonde bw’ensi mu bibira eyaakawummula okuva mu Yunivasite y’e Wisconsin-Madison, yagenda mu maaso n’okusingawo. Yang’amba nti: “Ku ludda olumu, ndaga enzikiriziganya entono wakati w’akabi n’empeera.Ku ludda olulala, nsigala nnyiganyiga mutwe lwange olw’akabi akayinza okuvaamu.” Omuti guno ogwakyusibwamu obuzaale guyinza okuba ogw’akabi eri ekibira. Okwawukanako n’ekyo, “olupapula oluli wansi w’empeera lujjudde bwino.” Yagambye nti entangawuuzi eziziyiza okukala ku nkomerero ejja kuwangula ekibira kino ekirwanyiziddwa. Abantu beetaaga essuubi. Abantu beetaaga obubonero. ”
Powell atera okusigala nga mukkakkamu, naye ababuusabuusa enkola y’obuzaale bayinza okumukankanya. Yagamba nti: “Tezikola makulu gyendi.” “Tezeesigamiziddwa ku ssaayansi.” Bayinginiya bwe bakola mmotoka oba essimu ennungi, tewali yeemulugunya, n’olwekyo ayagala okumanya ekikyamu ku miti egyakolebwa obulungi. “Kino kye kimu ku bikozesebwa ebiyinza okuyamba,” Powell bwe yagambye. “Lwaki ogamba nti tetusobola kukozesa kikozesebwa kino?Tusobola okukozesa sikulaapu ya Phillips, naye si sikulaapu eya bulijjo, ne vice versa?”
Ku ntandikwa ya October 2018, nnawerekera Powell ku siteegi y’omu nnimiro etali ya maanyi mu bukiikaddyo bwa Syracuse. Yalina essuubi nti ebiseera by’omu maaso eby’ekika ky’entangawuuzi z’Amerika byandikula. Ekifo kino kumpi kifuuse matongo, era kye kimu ku bifo ebitono emiti gye gikkirizibwa okukula. Ennimiro empanvu eza payini ne larch, eziva mu pulojekiti y’okunoonyereza ebadde esuuliddwa okumala ebbanga, ziserengeta okudda ebuvanjuba, okuva ku mpewo eyali efuuse, ekiwa ekitundu ekyo okuwulira ng’ekyewuunyisa katono.
Omunoonyereza Andrew Newhouse mu laboratory ya Powell yakola dda ku emu ku miti egisinga obulungi eri bannassaayansi, omuti gw’omu nsiko oguva mu bugwanjuba bwa Virginia. Omuti guno guweza ffuuti nga 25 era gukula mu lusuku lw’ebibala by’entangawuuzi olutegekeddwa mu ngeri ey’ekifuulannenge nga lwetooloddwa olukomera lw’empologoma oluwanvu ffuuti 10. Ensawo y’essomero yali esibiddwa ku nkomerero z’amatabi agamu ag’omuti. Newhouse yannyonnyodde nti akaveera ak’omunda kaali kasibiddwa mu bukuta bwa Darling 58 bannassaayansi bwe baasaba mu June, ate ensawo ey’ebweru ey’akatimba ey’ekyuma yakuuma enkwale nga tezikula. Enteekateeka yonna etunuuliddwa nnyo ekitongole ky’ebyobulimi mu Amerika; nga tebannaba kuggyawo mateeka, obukuta oba entangawuuzi okuva mu miti ezirina obuzaale obwongezeddwa mu bbugwe oba mu laboratory y’omunoonyereza zirina okwawulwa.
Newhouse yakozesa ebyuma ebisala ebisala ku matabi. Nga basika n’omuguwa, ekyuma kyamenyeka era ensawo n’egwa. Newhouse yagenda mangu n’agenda ku ttabi eryaddako eryalimu ensawo era n’addamu enkola eyo. Powell yakung’aanya ensawo ezaagudde n’aziteeka mu kaveera akanene aka kasasiro, okufaananako n’okukwata ebintu eby’obulabe eri ebiramu.
Oluvannyuma lw’okudda mu laboratory, Newhouse ne Hannah Pilkey baafulumya ensawo ne baggya mangu entangawuuzi eza kitaka mu bbugumu erya kiragala. Bafaayo obutaleka maggwa kuyingira mu lususu, nga kino kya bulabe eri emirimu mu kunoonyereza ku bikuta. Edda, baali baagala nnyo entangawuuzi zonna ez’omuwendo ezikyusiddwa mu buzaale. Ku mulundi guno, baamaliriza nga balina bingi: ebisukka mu 1,000. “Ffenna tukola amazina amatonotono ag’essanyu,” Pirkey bwe yagambye.
Akawungeezi ako, Powell yatwala entangawuuzi ezo mu ofiisi ya Neil Patterson mu kisenge ekiyingirwamu. Lwali lunaku lwa bantu enzaalwa (Columbus Day), era Patterson, omuyambi wa Dayirekita w’ekitongole kya ESF ekivunaanyizibwa ku bantu enzaalwa n’obutonde bw’ensi, yali yaakakomawo okuva ku kitundu kyakuna ku ttendekero, gye yakulembera okwolesebwa kw’emmere enzaalwa. Abaana be babiri ne muwala wa muganda we bazannyira ku kompyuta mu ofiisi. Buli omu yasekula n’alya entangawuuzi. “Bakyali ba kiragala katono,” Powell bwe yategeezezza mu kwejjusa.
Ekirabo kya Powell kikola emirimu mingi. Agaba ensigo, ng’asuubira okukozesa omukutu gwa Patterson okusimba entangawuuzi mu bitundu ebipya, gye zisobola okufuna obukuta obukyusiddwa mu buzaale mu myaka mitono. Era yeenyigira mu bubaka obw’ekikugu obwa chestnut.
Patterson bwe yapangisibwa kkampuni ya ESF mu 2014, yakimanya nti Powell yali agezesa emiti egyakyusibwamu obuzaale, egyali mayiro ntono zokka okuva mu kitundu kya Onondaga Nation Resident Territory. Ekisembayo kiri mu kibira mayiro ntono mu bukiikaddyo bwa Syracuse. Patterson yakitegeera nti singa pulojekiti eno egenda bulungi, obuzaale obuziyiza endwadde ku nkomerero bujja kuyingira mu ttaka ne busalako n’entangawuuzi ezisigaddeyo, bwe kityo ne kikyusa ekibira ekikulu ennyo mu ndagamuntu ya Onodaga. Era yawulidde ku kweraliikirira okuleetera bannakyewa omuli n’abamu okuva mu bitundu by’abantu enzaalwa okuwakanya ebiramu ebikyusiddwa obuzaale awalala. Ng’ekyokulabirako, mu 2015, ekika ky’Abayurok kyawera ebifo ebikuumirwamu ebimera ebiyitibwa GMO mu Bukiikakkono bwa California olw’okweraliikirira nti ebirime byakyo n’envuba ya saluuni biyinza okufuuka obucaafu.
“Nkitegedde nti kino kyatutuukako wano;wakiri tusaanidde okuba n’emboozi,” Patterson bwe yang’amba. Mu lukiiko lw’ekitongole ekikuuma obutonde bw’ensi mu 2015 olwatuula ekitongole kya ESF, Powell yawa okwogera okwegezaamu obulungi eri abantu enzaalwa z’omu New York. Oluvannyuma lw’okwogera, Patterson yajjukira nti abakulembeze abawerako baagamba nti: “Tusaanidde okusimba emiti!” Obunyiikivu bwabwe bwawuniikiriza Patterson. Yagamba nti: “Nnali sikisuubira.”
Kyokka emboozi ezaaliwo oluvannyuma zaalaga nti batono ku bo abajjukira ddala omulimu omuti gwa chestnut gwe gwakola mu buwangwa bwagwo obw’ennono. Okunoonyereza kwa Patterson okwagoberera kwamugamba nti mu kiseera ng’obutabanguko mu bantu n’okusaanyaawo obutonde bigenda mu maaso mu kiseera kye kimu, gavumenti ya Amerika yali essa mu nkola enteekateeka ennene ey’okuggya abantu mu magye mu ngeri ey’okukaka abantu n’okubayingiza abantu mu magye, era ssennyiga ono yali atuuse. Okufaananako n’ebintu ebirala bingi, obuwangwa bwa chestnut obw’omu kitundu mu kitundu kino buweddewo. Patterson era yakizuula nti endowooza ku by’obuzaale zaawukana nnyo. Omukozi w’emiggo gya lacrosse mu Onoda, Alfie Jacques ayagala nnyo okukola emiggo okuva mu mbaawo za chestnut era awagira pulojekiti eno. Abalala balowooza nti akabi kasusse n’olwekyo bawakanya emiti.
Patterson ategeera ebifo bino ebibiri. Gye buvuddeko awo yang’amba nti: “Kiba ng’essimu n’omwana wange.” Yalaze nti omwana we akomawo awaka okuva ku ssomero olw’ekirwadde kya coronavirus. "Olunaku lumu nagenda byonna;okubakuuma nga bakwatagana, bayiga. Enkeera, nga, ka tugobe ebintu ebyo." Naye emyaka mingi egy’okuteesa ne Powell gyanafuya okubuusabuusa kwe. Tebannamala bbanga ddene, yakimanya nti ezzadde lya bulijjo ery’emiti gya Darling 58 tebajja kuba na buzaale obwayingizibwa, ekitegeeza nti entangawuuzi z’omu nsiko ezaasooka zijja kweyongera okukula mu kibira. Patterson yagambye nti kino kyamalawo ekizibu ekinene.
Mu kukyala kwaffe mu October, yang’amba nti ensonga lwaki yali tasobola kuwagira mu bujjuvu pulojekiti ya GM yali tamanyi oba Powell afaayo ku bantu abakolagana n’omuti oba omuti. “Simanyi kiki ekiriwo ku ye,” Patterson bwe yategeezezza ng’amukuba mu kifuba. Yagambye nti singa enkolagana wakati w’omuntu n’entangawuuzi esobola okuzzibwawo, kyetaagisa okuddamu okufuna omuti guno.
Ku nsonga eno, yagambye nti ateekateeka okukozesa entangawuuzi Powell ze yamuwa okukola puddingi ya chestnut n’amafuta. Agenda kuleeta emmere zino mu kitundu ky’e Onondaga n’okuyita abantu okuddamu okuzuula obuwoomi bwazo obw’edda. Yagamba nti: “Nsuubira bwe kityo, kiringa okulamusa mukwano gwo ow’edda.Olina okulinnya bbaasi okuva we wayimirira omulundi oguwedde.”
Powell yafuna ekirabo kya doola obukadde busatu n’obukadde 200 okuva mu kitongole kya Templeton World Charity Foundation mu January, ekigenda okusobozesa Powell okugenda mu maaso ng’atambulira mu bitongole ebifuga n’okugaziya essira ly’okunoonyereza kwe okuva ku buzaale okutuuka ku butuufu bwennyini obw’okuddaabiriza ekifo kyonna. Singa gavumenti emuwa omukisa, Powell ne bannassaayansi okuva mu kitongole kya American Chestnut Foundation bajja kutandika okugikkiriza okufuumuuka. Obuwunga n’obuzaale bwabwo obw’enjawulo bijja kufuuwa oba okusiimuulibwa ku bibya ebirindiridde eby’emiti emirala, era enkomerero y’entangawuuzi ezikyusiddwa obuzaale ejja kulabika awatali kufaayo ku mbeera y’okugezesa efugibwa. Nga tufudde nti obuzaale buno busobola okukuumibwa mu nnimiro ne mu laboratory, kino tekikakasibwa, era kijja kusaasaana mu kibira-kino nsonga ya butonde bannassaayansi gye baagala naye aba radicals batya.
Oluvannyuma lw’okubaawo omuti gwa chestnut oguwummudde, osobola okugula? Yee, Newhouse yagamba nti eyo ye yali enteekateeka. Abanoonyereza babuuziddwa buli wiiki ddi emiti lwe gibaawo.
Mu nsi Powell, Newhouse ne banne mwe babeera, kyangu okuwulira ng’eggwanga lyonna lirindirira omuti gwabwe. Kyokka, okuvuga ebanga ettono mu bukiikakkono okuva ku faamu y’okunoonyereza ng’oyita mu kibuga wakati ekya Syracuse kijjukiza engeri enkyukakyuka ez’amaanyi gye zibaddewo mu butonde n’abantu okuva entangawuuzi z’Amerika lwe zaabulawo. Chestnut Heights Drive esangibwa mu kabuga akatono mu bukiikakkono bwa Syracuse. Luno luguudo lwa bulijjo olw’okusulamu nga luliko amakubo amagazi, omuddo omuyonjo, n’oluusi emiti emitonotono egy’okuyooyoota nga girimu oluggya lw’emmanju. . Kkampuni eno ekola embaawo tekyetaagisa kuzuukiza bikuta. Ebyenfuna by’ebyobulimi eby’okweyimirizaawo nga byesigamiziddwa ku bikuta biweddewo ddala. Kumpi tewali aggyamu ntangawuuzi nnyogovu era eziwooma mu bbugumu ekikaluba ekisusse. Abantu abasinga bayinza n’obutamanya nti mu kibira temuli kintu kyonna kibula.
Nayimirira ne ndya ppikiniki ekyeggulo ku nnyanja Onondaga wansi w’ekisiikirize ky’omuti omunene ogw’evvu eryeru. Omuti guno gwali gujjudde ebiwuka ebiyitibwa borers enzirugavu ebya kiragala omutangaavu. Ndaba ebituli ebikolebwa ebiwuka mu bikuta. Kitandika okubula ebikoola era kiyinza okufa ne kigwa oluvannyuma lw’emyaka mitono. Okuva wano okuva awaka mu Maryland, nnavuga ne mpita ku nkumi n’enkumi z’emiti gy’evvu egyafudde, nga n’amatabi g’ensowera ag’obwereere gasituka ku mabbali g’ekkubo.
Mu Appalachia, kkampuni eno esekudde emiti okuva mu kitundu ekinene ekya Bitlahua okufuna amanda wansi. Omutima gw’ensi y’amanda gukwatagana n’omutima gw’eggwanga eryali erya chestnut. Ekitongole kya American Chestnut Foundation kyakolagana n’ebibiina ebyasimba emiti ku birombe by’amanda ebyasuulibwa, era kati emiti gya chestnut gimera ku ttaka enkumi n’enkumi za yiika ezikoseddwa akatyabaga kano. Emiti gino kitundu kyokka ku miti egy’omugatte egigumira obuwuka obuleeta endwadde, naye giyinza okufuuka ekintu ekikwatagana n’omulembe omupya ogw’emiti olunaku lumu egisobola okuvuganya n’emiti eminene egy’edda egy’omu bibira.
Mu May w’omwaka oguwedde, obuzito bwa kaboni dayokisayidi mu bbanga bwatuuka ku bitundu 414.8 buli bukadde omulundi ogusoose. Okufaananako n’emiti emirala, obuzito bw’entangawuuzi z’Amerika obutali bwa mazzi buba nga kitundu kya kaboni. Ebintu bitono by’osobola okulima ku ttaka ebisobola okunyiga kaboni okuva mu mpewo amangu okusinga omuti gwa chestnut ogukula. Nga kino kiri mu birowoozo, ekitundu ekyafulumira mu Wall Street Journal omwaka oguwedde kyawa amagezi nti, “Ka tubeere n’ennimiro endala ey’entangawuuzi.”