Omukutu guno gukozesa kukisi okulongoosa obumanyirivu bw’omukozesa wo. Bw’ogenda mu maaso n’okukozesa omukutu guno, oba okkirizza enkola yaffe eya kuki.
Bw’oba ​​olina ennamba y’obwammemba bwa ACS, nsaba ogiyingize wano tusobole okuyunga akawunti eno ku bwammemba bwo. (Kya kusalawo)
ACS etwala eby’ekyama byo ng’ekikulu. Bw’owaayo ebikukwatako, osobola okugenda ku C&EN n’owandiika ku mawulire gaffe aga buli wiiki. Tukozesa amawulire g’owa okulongoosa obumanyirivu bwo mu kusoma, era tetujja kuguza bammemba b’abantu ab’okusatu data yo.
Mu 2005, kkampuni ekola ebintu ebikozesebwa abantu eya Colgate-Palmolive yava mu bizinensi y’eby’okwoza engoye mu North America bwe yaguza kkampuni ya Phoenix Brands ebintu nga Fab ne Dynamo. Nga wayise emyaka esatu, kkampuni endala ekola ebintu ebikozesebwa abantu eya Unilever, yaguza kkampuni yaayo ey’eby’okunaaba mu Amerika omuli All ne Wisk eri Sun Products.
Okutunda bizinensi yaayo eri kkampuni bbiri entonotono ez’obwannannyini kifudde akatale ka P&G ak’omutindo ogwa waggulu mu ddagala ery’okwoza engoye mu Amerika kumpi obutasoomoozebwa. Ekyewuunyisa, Procter & Gamble telangirira buwanguzi.
Mazima ddala mu 2014, Alan G. Lafley, mu kiseera ekyo eyali akulira kkampuni ya Procter & Gamble (P&G), yejjusa okuva mu Unilever. Yagambye nti yawangula akatale ak’omu makkati ak’akatale k’eby’okunaaba, n’efuula ebintu bya P&G okusinga okubeera mu katale k’omutindo ogwa waggulu, ate n’ewa ebintu eby’omutindo ogwa wansi n’abavuganya basatu. Procter & Gamble musuubuzi wa kkampuni ezimanyiddwa ennyo nga Tide ne Gain. Ekola kumpi ebitundu 60% ku bizinensi y’eby’okwoza engoye mu Amerika, naye eno bizinensi eyimiridde, era waliwo ekituli kinene mu bbeeyi wakati w’ebintu bya kkampuni eno n’abavuganya nabo.
Nga wayise omwaka gumu, emu ku baali bavuganya nayo, kkampuni y’e Girimaani eya Henkel, yakankanya ebintu. Kkampuni eno yaleeta eddagala lyayo ery’omulembe ery’Abazungu erya Persil mu Amerika, n’esooka kutundibwa ng’eyita mu Wal-Mart yokka, oluvannyuma n’etongozebwa mu maduuka nga Target. Mu 2016, Henkel yayongera okutabula ebintu bwe yagula kkampuni ya Sun Products.
Okutongoza kkampuni ya Persil ezzeemu amaanyi mu bizinensi y’eby’okwoza engoye, kyokka eyinza okuba ey’amangu okusinga Lafley bwe yali asuubira. Mu May w’omwaka oguwedde, magazini ya “Consumer Report” bwe yatuuma ekimu ku bintu ebipya Henkel by’akola, Persil ProClean Power-Liquid 2in1, eky’okunaaba mu Amerika ekisinga okukola obulungi, ye n’abakulira P&G abalala balina okuwuniikirira. Omukolo gw’okutikkira Tide ku ntebe gwasindise Tide mu kifo ekyokubiri omulundi ogusoose mu myaka.
Procter & Gamble (Chastened), Procter & Gamble (P&G) yaddamu okukola ekintu kyayo ekyasooka eky’erinnya eddene ekya Tide Ultra Stain Release mu 2016. Kkampuni eno yategeezezza nti yayongeddeko ebirungo ebikola ku ttaka n’eggyamu amazzi agamu, ekyavaamu eddagala erisingako obunene ate nga lirimu ebirungo ebisobola okulongoosa okuggya amabala. Magazini eno yategeeza nti ekintu kino kyakulembedde olukalala mu kwekenneenya okwaddirira okwa Consumer Reports, wadde nga si kikulu mu bibalo.
Gye buvuddeko Consumer Reports yawandiika ekirungo ekifulumya amabala ekya Tide Plus Ultra ne Persil ProClean Power-Liquid 2-in-1 ng’eby’okwoza engoye ebibiri ebisinga obulungi mu Amerika. C&EN egenda kukebera ebirungo ebivaako embeera eno, wamu n’enkozesa yaabyo n’ababikola.
Gye buvuddeko Consumer Reports yawandiika ekirungo ekifulumya amabala ekya Tide Plus Ultra ne Persil ProClean Power-Liquid 2-in-1 ng’eby’okwoza engoye ebibiri ebisinga obulungi mu Amerika. C&EN egenda kukebera ebirungo ebivaako embeera eno, wamu n’enkozesa yaabyo n’ababikola.
Kikyali kikeerezi okwogera oba Henkel egenda kusomooza nnyo P&G eri abaguzi b’Amerika abagula eddagala ery’omulembe ery’okwoza engoye. Naye singa abakugu mu by’eddagala mu P&G bawulira nga bamativu olw’obutaba na kuvuganya, mazima ddala bajja kuggyibwawo.
Shoaib Arif, maneja w’okukozesa n’obuweereza obw’ekikugu mu Surfactant Supplier Pilot Chemical, yannyonnyodde nti mu Amerika, Tide ne Persil bintu bya mutindo gwa waggulu eri bizinensi eno era nga bisobola okugabanyizibwamu emitendera ena egy’omutindo. Emyaka bwe gizze giyitawo, Arif ne bannassaayansi abalala aba Pilot bayambye kkampuni nnyingi ezikola ebintu by’omu nnyumba okukola eby’okunaaba ebipya n’ebintu ebirala eby’okwoza.
Mu katale ak’omutindo ogwa wansi, ddagala lya ‘super economical detergent’. Okusinziira ku Arif, eyinza okubaamu ekirungo ekikola ku ttaka ekya layisi kyokka, gamba nga linear alkyl benzene sulfonate (LABS) wamu n’obuwoomi ne langi. Omutendera oguddako ogw’ekintu kino guyinza okugattako ebiyamba oba ebizimba, nga sodium citrate, tackifier n’ekirungo ekyokubiri ekikola ku ttaka.
LABS kirungo kya anionic surfactant, nga kirungi mu kuggya obutundutundu mu lugoye era kikola bulungi ku lugoye lwa ppamba. Ekirungo ekyokubiri ekimanyiddwa ennyo ye ethanol ethoxylate, ekirungo ekitali kya ionic, ekikola obulungi okusinga LABS naddala okuggya giriisi n’obucaafu mu biwuzi ebikoleddwa mu butonde.
Mu layeri eyokusatu, abakola ensengekera bayinza okwongerako ebitangaaza eby’amaaso ku bbeeyi eya wansi katono. Ebintu bino ebitangaaza amaaso binyiga ekitangaala kya ultraviolet ne kifulumya mu kitundu kya bbululu okulabika ng’engoye zitangaala. Ebirungo ebirungi ebikola ku ttaka, ebirungo ebizimba, ebizimbi ebirala n’ebirungo ebiziyiza okuddamu okutonnya bitera okusangibwa mu nkola ng’ezo, eziyinza okutega obucaafu obuva mu mazzi g’okunaaba okubuziyiza okuddamu okuteekebwa ku lugoye.
Eby’okunaaba ebisinga okuba eby’ebbeeyi bimanyiddwa olw’okutikka ebirungo ebikola ku ttaka ebingi n’ebirungo ebirala eby’enjawulo ebikola ku ttaka, gamba nga alcohol sulfates, alcohol ethoxy sulfates, amine oxides, fatty acid soaps ne cations. Ebirungo ebikwata ettaka eby’enjawulo (ebimu bikoleddwa kkampuni nga Procter & Gamble ne Henkel) ne enzymes nabyo bigwa mu kiti kino.
Wabula Arif alabula nti okukung’aanya ebirungo kuleeta okusoomoozebwa kwakwo. Okutuuka ku ddaala eritali limu, okukola eddagala ery’okunaaba ssaayansi, era abakugu mu by’eddagala bamanyi omutindo gw’ebitundu by’eddagala, gamba ng’emirimu gy’ebirungo ebikola ku ngulu.
Yannyonnyola nti: “Kyokka, ensengekera eno bw’emala okukolebwa, ebintu bino byonna bijja kukosagana, era tosobola kulagula bulungi ensengekera esembayo ky’egenda okukola.” “Okyalina okugezesa okukakasa nti kikola mu bulamu obw’amazima.”
Okugeza, ebirungo ebikola ku ttaka n’ebizimbi bisobola okuziyiza enkola y’enziyiza, Arif bwe yagambye. Abakola eddagala ery’okunaaba basobola okukozesa ebiziyiza enziyiza (nga sodium borate ne calcium formate) okugonjoola ekizibu kino.
Franco Pala, omukugu omukulu mu kunoonyereza mu pulojekiti ya Battelle’s World Detergent Project, yalaze nti ebirungo ebingi ebikola ku ttaka ebisangibwa mu bika by’eby’okunaaba eby’omutindo ogwa waggulu nabyo bisobola okuleeta obuzibu. “Si kyangu kwongerako ebirungo ebikola ku ttaka bingi bwe bityo ku bungi bwe butyo,” Pala bwe yannyonnyodde. Okusaanuuka kufuuka ekizibu, era enkolagana embi wakati w’ebirungo ebikola ku ttaka nayo efuuka ekizibu.
Enteekateeka ya Battelle ey’abaguzi abangi eyakulemberwa Pala yatandika ku ntandikwa y’emyaka gya 1990 nga yeekenneenya ebitonde by’ebika by’ebintu ebikulu eby’okwoza mu nsi yonna. Battelle akozesa ebikozesebwa bya ssaayansi ebiwerako okuyamba bannannyini bika n’abagaba ebintu ebisookerwako okusukka olukalala lw’ebirungo okutegeera, okugeza, eddaala ly’okufuuka ethoxylation y’ebirungo ebikola ku ttaka oba oba omugongo gw’ebirungo ebikola ku ttaka guli mu layini oba gwa matabi.
Para yagambye nti leero, ebirungo ebiyitibwa polymers nsibuko nkulu ey’obuyiiya mu birungo eby’okunaaba. Okugeza, ebintu byombi ebya Tide ne Persil birimu polyethyleneimine ethoxylate, nga kino kirungo ekinyiga obucaafu ekyakolebwa aba BASF mu kkampuni ya Procter & Gamble, naye kati kisinga kufunibwa abakola eby’okunaaba.
Pala yalaze nti terephthalic acid copolymers nazo zisangibwa mu bimu ku by’okunaaba eby’omutindo ogwa waggulu, ebijja okubikka olugoye mu kiseera ky’okunaaba, kyangu okuggyawo amabala n’obucaafu mu kiseera ky’okunaaba ekiddako. Battelle akozesa ebikozesebwa nga gel permeation chromatography okwawula polimeeri n’oluvannyuma n’akozesa infrared spectroscopy okuzuula ensengekera yazo.
Enteekateeka ya Battelle era efaayo nnyo ku enzymes, nga zino bintu bya biotech abakola bye bakyagenda mu maaso n’okulongoosa buli mwaka. Okusobola okwekenneenya enkola y’enziyiza eno, ttiimu ya Pala yalaga enziyiza eno mu substrate erimu chromophore. Enziyiza bw’eyonoona substrate, chromophore efulumizibwa era n’epimibwa mu ngeri ya absorption oba fluorescence spectroscopy.
Proteases ezilumba proteins ze enzymes ezaasooka okugattibwa mu detergents ku nkomerero y’emyaka gya 1960. Oluvannyuma enziyiza ezaagattibwa mu tterekero lino mwalimu amylase, avunda sitaaki, ne mannanase, avunda ebigonza okukola guar gum. Emmere erimu guar (nga ice cream ne barbecue sauce) bw’eyiwa ku ngoye, ggaamu ajja kusigala ku ngoye ne bwe banaaba onaaba. Kiyingizibwa mu lugoye era kikozesebwa nga glue ku bucaafu obutonotono, ne kivaamu amabala agazibu okuggyawo.
Persil ProClean Power-Liquid 2in1 ne Tide Ultra Stain Release zombi zirimu ekirungo kya protease, amylase ne mannanase.
Persil era alimu lipase (esobola okuvunda amasavu) ne cellulase (esobola okuyonjebwa mu ngeri etali butereevu nga efuumuula amazzi mu biyungo ebimu ebya glycosidic mu fiber ya ppamba) okuggyawo obucaafu obukwata ku fiber. Cellulase era asobola okugonza ppamba n’okulongoosa langi ye. Mu kiseera kye kimu, okusinziira ku biwandiiko ebikwata ku patent, ekintu eky’enjawulo ekiri mu ddagala erirongoosa amayengo ye glucanase, esobola okuvunda polysaccharides amylase z’etasobola kuvunda.
Novozymes ne DuPont baludde nga bakola nnyo enzymes, naye BASF gye buvuddeko yayingira bizinensi eno mu ngeri ya proteases. Mu lukungaana lw’ebintu eby’okwoza olwatuula mu Girimaani mu ggwanika ly’omwaka oguwedde, BASF yatumbula okugatta eddagala lyayo eppya erya protease ne polyethyleneimine ethoxylate, n’egamba nti omutabula guno guwa omutindo omulungi eri bakasitoma abaagala okukola eby’okunaaba eby’okunaaba ku bbugumu eri wansi.
Mu butuufu, Arif n’abalala abatunuulidde akatale bagamba nti okukkiriza abakola eby’okunaaba okukola ebirungo ebyetaagisa okukozesa amaanyi amatono oba okukuuma obutonde bw’ensi okuva mu nsibuko z’obutonde y’ensalo eddako mu mulimu guno. Mu May w’omwaka oguwedde, P&G yatongoza Tide Purclean, ekika kyayo ekimanyiddwa ennyo, nga mu kino ebirungo 65% biva mu bimera. Olwo mu October, Unilever yagula kkampuni ya Seventh Generation ekola eby’okunaaba ebimera n’ebintu ebirala eby’okwoza, okuddamu okuyingira akatale k’eby’okunaaba mu Amerika.
Wadde ng’okufuula ebirungo ebisinga obulungi okubifuula eby’okunaaba ebiwangudde engule bulijjo kusoomoozebwa, “omuze leero gwa butonde,” Arif bwe yagambye. “Bakasitoma babuuza nti, ‘Tukola tutya ebintu ebiva mu butonde ebitali bya butwa eri abantu n’obutonde, naye nga bikyakola bulungi?”